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第一部分：坦白与压力的传统观念 (00:12 - 01:20)

Transcript:

I have a confession to make. But first, I want you to make a little confession to me. In the past year, I want you to just raise your hand if you've experienced relatively little stress. Anyone? How about a moderate amount of stress? Who has experienced a lot of stress? Yeah. Me too.

But that is not my confession. My confession is this: I am a health psychologist, and my mission is to help people be happier and healthier. But I fear that something I've been teaching for the last 10 years is doing more harm than good, and it has to do with stress.

For years I've been telling people, stress makes you sick. It increases the risk of everything from the common cold to cardiovascular disease. Basically, I've turned stress into the enemy. But I have changed my mind about stress, and today, I want to change yours.

1. confession [kənˈfeʃn]：招供，坦白，忏悔。
• make a confession to me 向我坦白

2. raise your hand 举手

3. psychologist noun 心理学家

4. moderate [ˈmɒdərət]：适度的，中等的

5. cold noun 感冒；伤风；着凉
• I've got a cold.我感冒了。
• to have a cold感冒
• a bad/heavy/slight/nasty cold 重感冒/重感冒/轻微感冒/重感冒
• to catch a cold 患感冒
• If you stay out in the rain you'll catch cold! 如果待在外面淋雨，你会感冒的！
• to get a cold 感冒
• She was suffering from a cold. 她患了感冒。

6. cardiovascular disease [ˌkɑːdiəʊˈvæskjələ dɪˈziːz]：心血管疾病。（Cardio-指心脏，vascular指血管）

第二部分：改变观念的研究 (01:21 - 03:01)

Transcript: Let me start with the study that made me rethink my whole approach to stress. This study tracked 30,000 adults in the United States for eight years, and they started by asking people, "How much stress have you experienced in the last year?" They also asked, "Do you believe that stress is harmful for your health?" And then they used public death records to find out who died.

(Laughter) Okay. Some bad news first. People who experienced a lot of stress in the previous year had a 43 percent increased risk of dying. But that was only true for the people who also believed that stress is harmful for your health.

(Laughter) People who experienced a lot of stress but did not view stress as harmful were no more likely to die. In fact, they had the lowest risk of dying of anyone in the study, including people who had relatively little stress.

Now the researchers estimated that over the eight years they were tracking deaths, 182,000 Americans died prematurely, not from stress, but from the belief that stress is bad for you. 【这点很有启发性了hh】(Laughter) That is over 20,000 deaths a year. Now, if that estimate is correct, that would make believing stress is bad for you the 15th largest cause of death in the United States last year, killing more people than skin cancer, HIV/AIDS and homicide.

(Laughter) You can see why this study freaked me out.

1. rethink verb 重新考虑；再想

2. prematurely [ˌpreməˈtʃʊəli]：过早地，比预期早地。

3. homicide [ˈhɒmɪsaɪd]：他杀，杀人（罪）

4. freaked me out [friːkt miː aʊt]：(口语) 让我吓坏了，让我极度不安/震惊。

第三部分：社会压力测试 (03:02 - 04:55)

Transcript: Here I've been spending so much energy telling people stress is bad for your health. So this study got me wondering: Can changing how you think about stress make you healthier? And here the science says yes. When you change your mind about stress, you can change your body's response to stress.

Now to explain how this works, I want you all to pretend that you are participants in a study designed to stress you out. It's called the social stress test. You come into the laboratory, and you're told you have to give a five-minute impromptu speech on your personal weaknesses to a panel of expert evaluators sitting right in front of you, and to make sure you feel the pressure, there are bright lights and a camera in your face, kind of like this.

(Laughter) And the evaluators have been trained to give you discouraging, non-verbal feedback, like this.【真的很让人有压力！】 (Exhales) (Laughter) Now that you're sufficiently demoralized, time for part two: a math test. And unbeknownst to you, the experimenter has been trained to harass you during it.

Now we're going to all do this together. It's going to be fun. For me. Okay. (Laughter) I want you all to count backwards from 996 in increments of seven. You're going to do this out loud, as fast as you can, starting with 996. Go! (Audience counting) Go faster. Faster please. You're going too slow. (Audience counting) Stop. Stop, stop, stop. That guy made a mistake. We are going to have to start all over again. (Laughter) You're not very good at this, are you?

1. social stress test 社会压力测试

2. impromptu [ɪmˈprɒmptjuː]：即兴的，临时的（演讲）

3. demoralized [dɪˈmɒrəlaɪzd]：士气低落的，泄气的

4. unbeknownst [ˌʌnbɪˈnəʊnst]：不为...所知的（通常搭配 unbeknownst to you/me）

5. harass [ˈhærəs]：骚扰，烦扰（这里指给受试者施加心理压力）。

6. increments [ˈɪŋkrəmənts]：增量，递增（这里指每次减去的数值单位）。

第四部分：生理反应的改变 (04:56 - 06:45)

Transcript:

Okay, so you get the idea. If you were actually in this study, you'd probably be a little stressed out. Your heart might be pounding, you might be breathing faster, maybe breaking out into a sweat. And normally, we interpret these physical changes as anxiety or signs that we aren't coping very well with the pressure.

But what if you viewed them instead as signs that your body was energized, was preparing you to meet this challenge? Now that is exactly what participants were told in a study conducted at Harvard University. Before they went through the social stress test, they were taught to rethink their stress response as helpful. That pounding heart is preparing you for action. If you're breathing faster, it's no problem. It's getting more oxygen to your brain.

And participants who learned to view the stress response as helpful for their performance, well, they were less stressed out, less anxious, more confident, but the most fascinating finding to me was how their physical stress response changed.

Now, in a typical stress response, your heart rate goes up, and your blood vessels constrict like this. And this is one of the reasons that chronic stress is sometimes associated with cardiovascular disease. It's not really healthy to be in this state all the time. But in the study, when participants viewed their stress response as helpful, their blood vessels stayed relaxed like this. Their heart was still pounding, but this is a much healthier cardiovascular profile. It actually looks a lot like what happens in moments of joy and courage. Over a lifetime of stressful experiences, this one biological change could be the difference between a stress-induced heart attack at age 50 and living well into your 90s.

1. pound verb

2. constrict [kənˈstrɪkt]：收缩，压缩（血管变窄）。

3. chronic [ˈkrɒnɪk]：慢性的，长期的。

4. cardiovascular profile [ˈprəʊfaɪl]：心血管状况/图谱（指各项生理指标的状态）。

5. stress-induced [ɪnˈdjuːst]：由压力诱发的，压力导致的。

第五部分：催产素——被忽视的压力激素 (06:46 - 09:32)

Transcript:

And this is really what the new science of stress reveals, that how you think about stress matters. So my goal as a health psychologist has changed. I no longer want to get rid of your stress. I want to make you better at stress. And we just did a little intervention. If you raised your hand and said you'd had a lot of stress in the last year, we could have saved your life, because hopefully the next time your heart is pounding from stress, you're going to remember this talk and you're going to think to yourself, this is my body helping me rise to this challenge. And when you view stress in that way, your body believes you, and your stress response becomes healthier.

Now I said I have over a decade of demonizing stress to redeem myself from, so we are going to do one more intervention. I want to tell you about one of the most under-appreciated aspects of the stress response, and the idea is this: Stress makes you social.

To understand this side of stress, we need to talk about a hormone, oxytocin, and I know oxytocin has already gotten as much hype as a hormone can get. It even has its own cute nickname, the cuddle hormone, because it's released when you hug someone. But this is a very small part of what oxytocin is involved in. Oxytocin is a neuro-hormone. It fine-tunes your brain's social instincts. It primes you to do things that strengthen close relationships. Oxytocin makes you crave physical contact with your friends and family. It enhances your empathy. It even makes you more willing to help and support the people you care about. Some people have even suggested we should snort oxytocin... to become more compassionate and caring.

But here's what most people don't understand about oxytocin. It's a stress hormone. Your pituitary gland pumps this stuff out as part of the stress response. It's as much a part of your stress response as the adrenaline that makes your heart pound. And when oxytocin is released in the stress response, it is motivating you to seek support. Your biological stress response is nudging you to tell someone how you feel, instead of bottling it up. Your stress response wants to make sure you notice when someone else in your life is struggling so that you can support each other. When life is difficult, your stress response wants you to be surrounded by people who care about you.

1. intervention [ˌɪntəˈvenʃn]：干预，介入（心理学或医学上指为了改善情况而采取的措施）

2. demonizing [ˈdiːmənaɪzɪŋ]：妖魔化，把...描述为极坏的

3. redeem [rɪˈdiːm]：救赎，弥补，挽回

4. oxytocin [ˌɒksɪˈtəʊsɪn]：催产素（一种激素，常被称为“爱的荷尔蒙”）。
注意c的发音是[s]
cuddle hormone

5. neuro-hormone [ˈnjʊərəʊ ˈhɔːməʊn]：神经激素

6. fine-tune verb 对…微调

7. prime verb
1. to prepare sb for a situation so that they know what to do, especially by giving them special information 事先指点；使（某人）做好准备 synonym brief
2. prime something to make sth ready for use or action 把（事物）准备好
• The bomb was primed, ready to explode. 炸弹已准备好，可随时引爆。
3. prime something to prepare wood, metal, etc. for painting by covering it with a special paint that helps the next layer of paint to stay on 在（金属、木材等上）打底漆

8. snort [snɔːt]：用鼻子吸（毒品等），这里指吸入。

9. pituitary gland [pɪˈtjuːɪtəri ɡlænd]：脑下垂体（分泌激素的重要腺体）
pituitary noun /pɪˈtjuːɪtəri//pɪˈtuːəteri/ (also pituitary gland) a small organ at the base of the brain that produces hormones that influence growth and sexual development 脑垂体；垂体

10. biological stress response 生物应激反应

11. bottling it up：抑制（感情），把情绪憋在心里

第六部分：催产素的修复功能与复原力 (09:33 - 12:00)

Transcript:

Okay, so how is knowing this side of stress going to make you healthier? Well, oxytocin doesn't only act on your brain. It also acts on your body, and one of its main roles in your body is to protect your cardiovascular system from the effects of stress. It's a natural anti-inflammatory. It also helps your blood vessels stay relaxed during stress. But my favorite effect on the body is actually on the heart. Your heart has receptors for this hormone, and oxytocin helps heart cells regenerate and heal from any stress-induced damage. This stress hormone strengthens your heart.

And the cool thing is that all of these physical benefits of oxytocin are enhanced by social contact and social support. So when you reach out to others under stress, either to seek support or to help someone else, you release more of this hormone, your stress response becomes healthier, and you actually recover faster from stress. I find this amazing, that your stress response has a built-in mechanism for stress resilience, and that mechanism is human connection.

I want to finish by telling you about one more study. And listen up, because this study could also save a life. This study tracked about 1,000 adults in the United States, and they ranged in age from 34 to 93, and they started the study by asking, "How much stress have you experienced in the last year?" They also asked, "How much time have you spent helping out friends, neighbors, people in your community?" And then they used public records for the next five years to find out who died.

Okay, so the bad news first: For every major stressful life experience, like financial difficulties or family crisis, that increased the risk of dying by 30 percent. But -- and I hope you are expecting a "but" by now -- but that wasn't true for everyone. People who spent time caring for others showed absolutely no stress-related increase in dying. Zero. Caring created resilience.【哇！】

1. anti-inflammatory [ˌænti ɪnˈflæmətri]：抗炎药，消炎的

2. receptors [rɪˈseptəz]：受体（细胞表面接收信号的部分）

3. blood vessel noun 血管

4. family crisis 家庭危机

5. regenerate [rɪˈdʒenəreɪt]：再生，重建

6. resilience [rɪˈzɪliəns]：复原力，韧性，适应力（非常核心的词汇）

第七部分：总结与问答 (12:01 - 结尾)

Transcript:

And so we see once again that the harmful effects of stress on your health are not inevitable. How you think and how you act can transform your experience of stress. When you choose to view your stress response as helpful, you create the biology of courage. And when you choose to connect with others under stress, you can create resilience.

Now I wouldn't necessarily ask for more stressful experiences in my life, but this science has given me a whole new appreciation for stress. Stress gives us access to our hearts. The compassionate heart that finds joy and meaning in connecting with others, and yes, your pounding physical heart, working so hard to give you strength and energy. And when you choose to view stress in this way, you're not just getting better at stress, you're actually making a pretty profound statement. You're saying that you can trust yourself to handle life's challenges. And you're remembering that you don't have to face them alone. Thank you. (Applause)

Chris Anderson: This is kind of amazing, what you're telling us. It seems amazing to me that a belief about stress can make so much difference to someone's life expectancy. How would that extend to advice, like, if someone is making a lifestyle choice between, say, a stressful job and a non-stressful job, does it matter which way they go? It's equally wise to go for the stressful job so long as you believe that you can handle it, in some sense?【很棒的问题，我也很想知道】

KM: Yeah, and one thing we know for certain is that chasing meaning is better for your health than trying to avoid discomfort. And so I would say that's really the best way to make decisions, is go after what it is that creates meaning in your life and then trust yourself to handle the stress that follows.【谢谢回答，拥抱压力】

CA: Thank you so much, Kelly. It's pretty cool. (Applause)

1. inevitable [ɪnˈevɪtəbl]：不可避免的。

2. profound [prəˈfaʊnd]：深刻的，深远的。

3. life expectancy [laɪf ɪkˈspektənsi]：预期寿命。

4. chase meaning：追寻意义。

其他资料

1. Kelly McGonigal
1. ABOUT — Kelly McGonigal

2. Kelly McGonigal | Speaker | TED

3. Stanford Graduate School of BusinessKelly M. McGonigal

   Kelly M. McGonigal

   Kelly McGonigal, PhD, is a health psychologist and lecturer at Stanford University, and a leading expert in the new field of “science-help.” She is passionate about translating cutting-edge research from psychology, neuroscience, and medicine into practical strategies for health, happiness, and personal success.

   Stanford Graduate School of Business

4. Educator > Kelly McGonigal PhD

仅供学习用途。